Method and apparatus for sub-block based temporal motion vector prediction

ABSTRACT

A method of video decoding includes acquiring a current and identifying, for a current block included in the current picture, a reference block included in a reference picture that is different from the current picture, where the current block is divided into a plurality of sub-blocks (CBSBs), and the reference block has a plurality of sub-blocks (RBSBs). The method includes, determining whether the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, and in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, determining a coding mode of the RBSB as an intra mode. The method further includes, in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is not the current picture determining a motion vector predictor for the one of the CBSBs based on whether the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is one of the intra mode and the inter mode.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This present disclosure claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/680,468, “METHODS FOR SUB-BLOCK BASED TEMPORAL MOTION VECTOR PREDICTION” filed on Jun. 4, 2018, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure describes embodiments generally related to video coding.

BACKGROUND

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent the work is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.

Video coding and decoding using inter-picture prediction with motion compensation has been known for decades. Uncompressed digital video can include a series of pictures, each picture having a spatial dimension of, for example, 1920×1080 luminance samples and associated chrominance samples. The series of pictures can have a fixed or variable picture rate (informally also known as frame rate), of, for example 60 pictures per second or 60 Hz. Uncompressed video has significant bitrate requirements. For example, 1080p60 4:2:0 video at 8 bit per sample (1920×1080 luminance sample resolution at 60 Hz frame rate) requires close to 1.5 Gbit/s bandwidth. An hour of such video requires more than 600 GByte of storage space.

One purpose of video coding and decoding can be the reduction of redundancy in the input video signal, through compression. Compression can help reduce aforementioned bandwidth or storage space requirements, in some cases by two orders of magnitude or more. Both lossless and lossy compression, as well as a combination thereof can be employed. Lossless compression refers to techniques where an exact copy of the original signal can be reconstructed from the compressed original signal. When using lossy compression, the reconstructed signal may not be identical to the original signal, but the distortion between the original and reconstructed signal is small enough to make the reconstructed signal useful for the intended application. In the case of video, lossy compression is widely employed. The amount of distortion tolerated depends on the application; for example, users of certain consumer streaming applications may tolerate higher distortion than users of television contribution applications. The compression ratio achievable can reflect that: higher allowable/tolerable distortion can yield higher compression ratios.

Motion compensation can be a lossy compression technique and can relate to techniques where a block of sample data from a previously reconstructed picture or part thereof (reference picture), after being spatially shifted in a direction indicated by a motion vector (MV henceforth), is used for the prediction of a newly reconstructed picture or picture part. In some cases, the reference picture can be the same as the picture currently under reconstruction. MVs can have two dimensions X and Y, or three dimensions, the third being an indication of the reference picture in use (the latter, indirectly, can be a time dimension).

In some video compression techniques, an MV applicable to a certain area of sample data can be predicted from other MVs, for example from those related to another area of sample data spatially adjacent to the area under reconstruction, and preceding that MV in decoding order. Doing so can substantially reduce the amount of data required for coding the MV, thereby removing redundancy and increasing compression. MV prediction can work effectively, for example, because when coding an input video signal derived from a camera (known as natural video) there is a statistical likelihood that areas larger than the area to which a single MV is applicable move in a similar direction and, therefore, can in some cases be predicted using a similar motion vector derived from neighboring area's MVs. That results in the MV found for a given area to be similar or the same as the MV predicted from the surrounding MVs, and that in turn can be represented, after entropy coding, in a smaller number of bits than what would be used if coding the MV directly. In some cases, MV prediction can be an example of lossless compression of a signal (namely: the MVs) derived from the original signal (namely: the sample stream). In other cases, MV prediction itself can be lossy, for example because of rounding errors when calculating a predictor from several surrounding MVs.

Various MV prediction mechanisms are described in H.265/HEVC (ITU-T Rec. H.265, “High Efficiency Video Coding”, December 2016). Out of the many MV prediction mechanisms that H.265 offers, described here is a technique henceforth referred to as “spatial merge”.

Some forms of inter-prediction are performed on a sub-block level. However sub-block based temporal motion vector prediction modes, such as alternative temporal motion vector prediction (ATMVP) and spatial-temporal motion vector prediction (STMVP), require that a corresponding sub-block be coded in inter mode. However, these temporal motion vector prediction modes are unable to handle sub-blocks that are coded in an intra mode such as intra block copy mode.

SUMMARY

An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a method of video decoding for a decoder. The method includes acquiring a current picture from a coded video bitstream. The method further includes identifying, for a current block included in the current picture, a reference block included in a reference picture that is different from the current picture, where the current block is divided into a plurality of sub-blocks (CBSBs), and the reference block has a plurality of sub-blocks (RBSBs) that each correspond to a different one of the plurality of CBSBs. The method further includes determining whether the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, and in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, determining a coding mode of the RBSB as an intra mode. The method further includes, in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is not the current picture, (i) determining, for one of the CBSBs, whether a coding mode of the RBSB is one of an intra mode and an inter mode, and (ii) determining a motion vector predictor for the one of the CBSBs based on whether the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is one of the intra mode and the inter mode.

An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a video decoder for video decoding. The video decoder includes processing circuitry configured to acquire a current picture from a coded video bitstream. The processing circuitry is further configured to identify, for a current block included in the current picture, a reference block included in a reference picture that is different from the current picture, where the current block is divided into a plurality of sub-blocks (CBSBs), and the reference block has a plurality of sub-blocks (RBSBs) that each correspond to a different one of the plurality of CBSBs. The processing circuitry is further configured to determine whether the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, and in response to the determination that the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, determine a coding mode of the RBSB as an intra mode. The processing circuitry is further configured to, in response to the determination that the reference picture for the RBSB is not the current picture, (i) determine, for one of the CBSBs, whether a coding mode of the RBSB is one of an intra mode and an inter mode, and (ii) determine a motion vector predictor for the one of the CBSBs based on whether the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is one of the intra mode and the inter mode.

An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored therein, which when executed by a processor in a video decoder causes the processor to execute a method. The method includes acquiring a current picture from a coded video bitstream. The method further includes identifying, for a current block included in the current picture, a reference block included in a reference picture that is different from the current picture, where the current block is divided into a plurality of sub-blocks (CBSBs), and the reference block has a plurality of sub-blocks (RBSBs) that each correspond to a different one of the plurality of CBSBs. The method further includes determining whether the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, and in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, determining a coding mode of the RBSB as an intra mode. The method further includes, in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is not the current picture, (i) determining, for one of the CBSBs, whether a coding mode of the RBSB is one of an intra mode and an inter mode, and (ii) determining a motion vector predictor for the one of the CBSBs based on whether the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is one of the intra mode and the inter mode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features, the nature, and various advantages of the disclosed subject matter will be more apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of a communication system (100) in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of a communication system (200) in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of a decoder in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of an encoder in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an encoder in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a decoder in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of intra picture block compensation.

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a current block and surrounding spatial merge candidates of the current block.

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of sub-blocks of a current block and corresponding sub-blocks of a reference block.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a process performed by an encoder or decoder.

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a computer system in accordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a communication system (100) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The communication system (100) includes a plurality of terminal devices that can communicate with each other, via, for example, a network (150). For example, the communication system (100) includes a first pair of terminal devices (110) and (120) interconnected via the network (150). In the FIG. 1 example, the first pair of terminal devices (110) and (120) performs unidirectional transmission of data. For example, the terminal device (110) may code video data (e.g., a stream of video pictures that are captured by the terminal device (110)) for transmission to the other terminal device (120) via the network (150). The encoded video data can be transmitted in the form of one or more coded video bitstreams. The terminal device (120) may receive the coded video data from the network (150), decode the coded video data to recover the video pictures and display video pictures according to the recovered video data. Unidirectional data transmission may be common in media serving applications and the like.

In another example, the communication system (100) includes a second pair of terminal devices (130) and (140) that performs bidirectional transmission of coded video data that may occur, for example, during videoconferencing. For bidirectional transmission of data, in an example, each terminal device of the terminal devices (130) and (140) may code video data (e.g., a stream of video pictures that are captured by the terminal device) for transmission to the other terminal device of the terminal devices (130) and (140) via the network (150). Each terminal device of the terminal devices (130) and (140) also may receive the coded video data transmitted by the other terminal device of the terminal devices (130) and (140), and may decode the coded video data to recover the video pictures and may display video pictures at an accessible display device according to the recovered video data.

In the FIG. 1 example, the terminal devices (110), (120), (130) and (140) may be illustrated as servers, personal computers and smart phones but the principles of the present disclosure may be not so limited. Embodiments of the present disclosure find application with laptop computers, tablet computers, media players and/or dedicated video conferencing equipment. The network (150) represents any number of networks that convey coded video data among the terminal devices (110), (120), (130) and (140), including for example wireline (wired) and/or wireless communication networks. The communication network (150) may exchange data in circuit-switched and/or packet-switched channels. Representative networks include telecommunications networks, local area networks, wide area networks and/or the Internet. For the purposes of the present discussion, the architecture and topology of the network (150) may be immaterial to the operation of the present disclosure unless explained herein below.

FIG. 2 illustrates, as an example for an application for the disclosed subject matter, the placement of a video encoder and a video decoder in a streaming environment. The disclosed subject matter can be equally applicable to other video enabled applications, including, for example, video conferencing, digital TV, storing of compressed video on digital media including CD, DVD, memory stick and the like, and so on.

A streaming system may include a capture subsystem (213), that can include a video source (201), for example a digital camera, creating for example a stream of video pictures (202) that are uncompressed. In an example, the stream of video pictures (202) includes samples that are taken by the digital camera. The stream of video pictures (202), depicted as a bold line to emphasize a high data volume when compared to encoded video data (204) (or coded video bitstreams), can be processed by an electronic device (220) that includes a video encoder (203) coupled to the video source (201). The video encoder (203) can include hardware, software, or a combination thereof to enable or implement aspects of the disclosed subject matter as described in more detail below. The encoded video data (204) (or encoded video bitstream (204)), depicted as a thin line to emphasize the lower data volume when compared to the stream of video pictures (202), can be stored on a streaming server (205) for future use. One or more streaming client subsystems, such as client subsystems (206) and (208) in FIG. 2 can access the streaming server (205) to retrieve copies (207) and (209) of the encoded video data (204). A client subsystem (206) can include a video decoder (210), for example, in an electronic device (230). The video decoder (210) decodes the incoming copy (207) of the encoded video data and creates an outgoing stream of video pictures (211) that can be rendered on a display (212) (e.g., display screen) or other rendering device (not depicted). In some streaming systems, the encoded video data (204), (207), and (209) (e.g., video bitstreams) can be encoded according to certain video coding/compression standards. Examples of those standards include ITU-T Recommendation H.265. In an example, a video coding standard under development is informally known as Versatile Video Coding or VVC. The disclosed subject matter may be used in the context of VVC.

It is noted that the electronic devices (220) and (230) can include other components (not shown). For example, the electronic device (220) can include a video decoder (not shown) and the electronic device (230) can include a video encoder (not shown) as well.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a video decoder (310) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The video decoder (310) can be included in an electronic device (330). The electronic device (330) can include a receiver (331) (e.g., receiving circuitry). The video decoder (310) can be used in the place of the video decoder (210) in the FIG. 2 example.

The receiver (331) may receive one or more coded video sequences to be decoded by the video decoder (310); in the same or another embodiment, one coded video sequence at a time, where the decoding of each coded video sequence is independent from other coded video sequences. The coded video sequence may be received from a channel (301), which may be a hardware/software link to a storage device which stores the encoded video data. The receiver (331) may receive the encoded video data with other data, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams, that may be forwarded to their respective using entities (not depicted). The receiver (331) may separate the coded video sequence from the other data. To combat network jitter, a buffer memory (315) may be coupled in between the receiver (331) and an entropy decoder/parser (320) (“parser (320)” henceforth). In certain applications, the buffer memory (315) is part of the video decoder (310). In others, it can be outside of the video decoder (310) (not depicted). In still others, there can be a buffer memory (not depicted) outside of the video decoder (310), for example to combat network jitter, and in addition another buffer memory (315) inside the video decoder (310), for example to handle playout timing. When the receiver (331) is receiving data from a store/forward device of sufficient bandwidth and controllability, or from an isosynchronous network, the buffer memory (315) may not be needed, or can be small. For use on best effort packet networks such as the Internet, the buffer memory (315) may be required, can be comparatively large and can be advantageously of adaptive size, and may at least partially be implemented in an operating system or similar elements (not depicted) outside of the video decoder (310).

The video decoder (310) may include the parser (320) to reconstruct symbols (321) from the coded video sequence. Categories of those symbols include information used to manage operation of the video decoder (310), and potentially information to control a rendering device such as a render device (312) (e.g., a display screen) that is not an integral part of the electronic device (330) but can be coupled to the electronic device (330), as was shown in FIG. 3. The control information for the rendering device(s) may be in the form of Supplementary Enhancement Information (SEI messages) or Video Usability Information (VUI) parameter set fragments (not depicted). The parser (320) may parse/entropy-decode the coded video sequence that is received. The coding of the coded video sequence can be in accordance with a video coding technology or standard, and can follow various principles, including variable length coding, Huffman coding, arithmetic coding with or without context sensitivity, and so forth. The parser (320) may extract from the coded video sequence, a set of subgroup parameters for at least one of the subgroups of pixels in the video decoder, based upon at least one parameter corresponding to the group. Subgroups can include Groups of Pictures (GOPs), pictures, tiles, slices, macroblocks, Coding Units (CUs), blocks, Transform Units (TUs), Prediction Units (PUs) and so forth. The parser (320) may also extract from the coded video sequence information such as transform coefficients, quantizer parameter values, motion vectors, and so forth.

The parser (320) may perform entropy decoding/parsing operation on the video sequence received from the buffer memory (315), so as to create symbols (321).

Reconstruction of the symbols (321) can involve multiple different units depending on the type of the coded video picture or parts thereof (such as: inter and intra picture, inter and intra block), and other factors. Which units are involved, and how, can be controlled by the subgroup control information that was parsed from the coded video sequence by the parser (320). The flow of such subgroup control information between the parser (320) and the multiple units below is not depicted for clarity.

Beyond the functional blocks already mentioned, the video decoder (310) can be conceptually subdivided into a number of functional units as described below. In a practical implementation operating under commercial constraints, many of these units interact closely with each other and can, at least partly, be integrated into each other. However, for the purpose of describing the disclosed subject matter, the conceptual subdivision into the functional units below is appropriate.

A first unit is the scaler/inverse transform unit (351). The scaler/inverse transform unit (351) receives a quantized transform coefficient as well as control information, including which transform to use, block size, quantization factor, quantization scaling matrices, etc. as symbol(s) (321) from the parser (320). The scaler/inverse transform unit (351) can output blocks comprising sample values, that can be input into aggregator (355).

In some cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform (351) can pertain to an intra coded block; that is: a block that is not using predictive information from previously reconstructed pictures, but can use predictive information from previously reconstructed parts of the current picture. Such predictive information can be provided by an intra picture prediction unit (352). In some cases, the intra picture prediction unit (352) generates a block of the same size and shape of the block under reconstruction, using surrounding already reconstructed information fetched from the current picture buffer (358). The current picture buffer (358) buffers, for example, partly reconstructed current picture and/or fully reconstructed current picture. The aggregator (355), in some cases, adds, on a per sample basis, the prediction information the intra prediction unit (352) has generated to the output sample information as provided by the scaler/inverse transform unit (351).

In other cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform unit (351) can pertain to an inter coded, and potentially motion compensated block. In such a case, a motion compensation prediction unit (353) can access reference picture memory (357) to fetch samples used for prediction. After motion compensating the fetched samples in accordance with the symbols (321) pertaining to the block, these samples can be added by the aggregator (355) to the output of the scaler/inverse transform unit (351) (in this case called the residual samples or residual signal) so as to generate output sample information. The addresses within the reference picture memory (357) from where the motion compensation prediction unit (353) fetches prediction samples can be controlled by motion vectors, available to the motion compensation prediction unit (353) in the form of symbols (321) that can have, for example X, Y, and reference picture components. Motion compensation also can include interpolation of sample values as fetched from the reference picture memory (357) when sub-sample exact motion vectors are in use, motion vector prediction mechanisms, and so forth.

The output samples of the aggregator (355) can be subject to various loop filtering techniques in the loop filter unit (356). Video compression technologies can include in-loop filter technologies that are controlled by parameters included in the coded video sequence (also referred to as coded video bitstream) and made available to the loop filter unit (356) as symbols (321) from the parser (320), but can also be responsive to meta-information obtained during the decoding of previous (in decoding order) parts of the coded picture or coded video sequence, as well as responsive to previously reconstructed and loop-filtered sample values.

The output of the loop filter unit (356) can be a sample stream that can be output to the render device (312) as well as stored in the reference picture memory (357) for use in future inter-picture prediction.

Certain coded pictures, once fully reconstructed, can be used as reference pictures for future prediction. For example, once a coded picture corresponding to a current picture is fully reconstructed and the coded picture has been identified as a reference picture (by, for example, the parser (320)), the current picture buffer (358) can become a part of the reference picture memory (357), and a fresh current picture buffer can be reallocated before commencing the reconstruction of the following coded picture.

The video decoder (310) may perform decoding operations according to a predetermined video compression technology in a standard, such as ITU-T Rec. H.265. The coded video sequence may conform to a syntax specified by the video compression technology or standard being used, in the sense that the coded video sequence adheres to both the syntax of the video compression technology or standard and the profiles as document in the video compression technology or standard. Specifically, a profile can select a certain tools as the only tools available for use under that profile from all the tools available in the video compression technology or standard. Also necessary for compliance can be that the complexity of the coded video sequence is within bounds as defined by the level of the video compression technology or standard. In some cases, levels restrict the maximum picture size, maximum frame rate, maximum reconstruction sample rate (measured in, for example megasamples per second), maximum reference picture size, and so on. Limits set by levels can, in some cases, be further restricted through Hypothetical Reference Decoder (HRD) specifications and metadata for HRD buffer management signaled in the coded video sequence.

In an embodiment, the receiver (331) may receive additional (redundant) data with the encoded video. The additional data may be included as part of the coded video sequence(s). The additional data may be used by the video decoder (310) to properly decode the data and/or to more accurately reconstruct the original video data. Additional data can be in the form of, for example, temporal, spatial, or signal noise ratio (SNR) enhancement layers, redundant slices, redundant pictures, forward error correction codes, and so on.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a video encoder (403) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The video encoder (403) is included in an electronic device (420). The electronic device (420) includes a transmitter (440) (e.g., transmitting circuitry). The video encoder (403) can be used in the place of the video encoder (203) in the FIG. 2 example.

The video encoder (403) may receive video samples from a video source (401)(that is not part of the electronic device (420) in the FIG. 4 example) that may capture video image(s) to be coded by the video encoder (403). In another example, the video source (401) is a part of the electronic device (420).

The video source (401) may provide the source video sequence to be coded by the video encoder (403) in the form of a digital video sample stream that can be of any suitable bit depth (for example: 8 bit, 10 bit, 12 bit, . . . ), any colorspace (for example, BT.601 Y CrCB, RGB, . . . ) and any suitable sampling structure (for example Y CrCb 4:2:0, Y CrCb 4:4:4). In a media serving system, the video source (401) may be a storage device storing previously prepared video. In a videoconferencing system, the video source (401) may be a camera that captures local image information as a video sequence. Video data may be provided as a plurality of individual pictures that impart motion when viewed in sequence. The pictures themselves may be organized as a spatial array of pixels, wherein each pixel can comprise one or more samples depending on the sampling structure, color space, etc. in use. A person skilled in the art can readily understand the relationship between pixels and samples. The description below focusses on samples.

According to an embodiment, the video encoder (403) may code and compress the pictures of the source video sequence into a coded video sequence (443) in real time or under any other time constraints as required by the application. Enforcing appropriate coding speed is one function of a controller (450). In some embodiments, the controller (450) controls other functional units as described below and is functionally coupled to the other functional units. The coupling is not depicted for clarity. Parameters set by the controller (450) can include rate control related parameters (picture skip, quantizer, lambda value of rate-distortion optimization techniques, . . . ), picture size, group of pictures (GOP) layout, maximum motion vector search range, and so forth. The controller (450) can be configured to have other suitable functions that pertain to the video encoder (403) optimized for a certain system design.

In some embodiments, the video encoder (403) is configured to operate in a coding loop. As an oversimplified description, in an example, the coding loop can include a source coder (430) (e.g., responsible for creating symbols, such as a symbol stream, based on an input picture to be coded, and a reference picture(s)), and a (local) decoder (433) embedded in the video encoder (403). The decoder (433) reconstructs the symbols to create the sample data in a similar manner as a (remote) decoder also would create (as any compression between symbols and coded video bitstream is lossless in the video compression technologies considered in the disclosed subject matter). The reconstructed sample stream (sample data) is input to the reference picture memory (434). As the decoding of a symbol stream leads to bit-exact results independent of decoder location (local or remote), the content in the reference picture memory (434) is also bit exact between the local encoder and remote encoder. In other words, the prediction part of an encoder “sees” as reference picture samples exactly the same sample values as a decoder would “see” when using prediction during decoding. This fundamental principle of reference picture synchronicity (and resulting drift, if synchronicity cannot be maintained, for example because of channel errors) is used in some related arts as well.

The operation of the “local” decoder (433) can be the same as of a “remote” decoder, such as the video decoder (310), which has already been described in detail above in conjunction with FIG. 3. Briefly referring also to FIG. 3, however, as symbols are available and encoding/decoding of symbols to a coded video sequence by an entropy coder (445) and the parser (320) can be lossless, the entropy decoding parts of the video decoder (310), including the buffer memory (315), and parser (320) may not be fully implemented in the local decoder (433).

An observation that can be made at this point is that any decoder technology except the parsing/entropy decoding that is present in a decoder also necessarily needs to be present, in substantially identical functional form, in a corresponding encoder. For this reason, the disclosed subject matter focuses on decoder operation. The description of encoder technologies can be abbreviated as they are the inverse of the comprehensively described decoder technologies. Only in certain areas a more detail description is required and provided below.

During operation, in some examples, the source coder (430) may perform motion compensated predictive coding, which codes an input picture predictively with reference to one or more previously-coded picture from the video sequence that were designated as “reference pictures”. In this manner, the coding engine (432) codes differences between pixel blocks of an input picture and pixel blocks of reference picture(s) that may be selected as prediction reference(s) to the input picture.

The local video decoder (433) may decode coded video data of pictures that may be designated as reference pictures, based on symbols created by the source coder (430). Operations of the coding engine (432) may advantageously be lossy processes. When the coded video data may be decoded at a video decoder (not shown in FIG. 4), the reconstructed video sequence typically may be a replica of the source video sequence with some errors. The local video decoder (433) replicates decoding processes that may be performed by the video decoder on reference pictures and may cause reconstructed reference pictures to be stored in the reference picture cache (434). In this manner, the video encoder (403) may store copies of reconstructed reference pictures locally that have common content as the reconstructed reference pictures that will be obtained by a far-end video decoder (absent transmission errors).

The predictor (435) may perform prediction searches for the coding engine (432). That is, for a new picture to be coded, the predictor (435) may search the reference picture memory (434) for sample data (as candidate reference pixel blocks) or certain metadata such as reference picture motion vectors, block shapes, and so on, that may serve as an appropriate prediction reference for the new pictures. The predictor (435) may operate on a sample block-by-pixel block basis to find appropriate prediction references. In some cases, as determined by search results obtained by the predictor (435), an input picture may have prediction references drawn from multiple reference pictures stored in the reference picture memory (434).

The controller (450) may manage coding operations of the source coder (430), including, for example, setting of parameters and subgroup parameters used for encoding the video data.

Output of all aforementioned functional units may be subjected to entropy coding in the entropy coder (445). The entropy coder (445) translates the symbols as generated by the various functional units into a coded video sequence, by lossless compressing the symbols according to technologies known to a person skilled in the art as, for example Huffman coding, variable length coding, arithmetic coding, and so forth.

The transmitter (440) may buffer the coded video sequence(s) as created by the entropy coder (445) to prepare for transmission via a communication channel (460), which may be a hardware/software link to a storage device which would store the encoded video data. The transmitter (440) may merge coded video data from the video coder (403) with other data to be transmitted, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams (sources not shown).

The controller (450) may manage operation of the video encoder (403). During coding, the controller (450) may assign to each coded picture a certain coded picture type, which may affect the coding techniques that may be applied to the respective picture. For example, pictures often may be assigned as one of the following picture types:

An Intra Picture (I picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded without using any other picture in the sequence as a source of prediction. Some video codecs allow for different types of Intra pictures, including, for example Independent Decoder Refresh (“IDR”) Pictures. A person skilled in the art is aware of those variants of I pictures and their respective applications and features.

A Predictive picture (P picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using at most one motion vector and reference index to predict the sample values of each block.

A Bi-directionally Predictive Picture (B Picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using at most two motion vectors and reference indices to predict the sample values of each block. Similarly, multiple-predictive pictures can use more than two reference pictures and associated metadata for the reconstruction of a single block.

Source pictures commonly may be subdivided spatially into a plurality of sample blocks (for example, blocks of 4×4, 8×8, 4×8, or 16×16 samples each) and coded on a block-by-block basis. Blocks may be coded predictively with reference to other (already coded) blocks as determined by the coding assignment applied to the blocks' respective pictures. For example, blocks of I pictures may be coded non-predictively or they may be coded predictively with reference to already coded blocks of the same picture (spatial prediction or intra prediction). Pixel blocks of P pictures may be coded predictively, via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction with reference to one previously coded reference pictures. Blocks of B pictures may be coded predictively, via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction with reference to one or two previously coded reference pictures.

The video encoder (403) may perform coding operations according to a predetermined video coding technology or standard, such as ITU-T Rec. H.265. In its operation, the video encoder (403) may perform various compression operations, including predictive coding operations that exploit temporal and spatial redundancies in the input video sequence. The coded video data, therefore, may conform to a syntax specified by the video coding technology or standard being used.

In an embodiment, the transmitter (440) may transmit additional data with the encoded video. The source coder (430) may include such data as part of the coded video sequence. Additional data may comprise temporal/spatial/SNR enhancement layers, other forms of redundant data such as redundant pictures and slices, Supplementary Enhancement Information (SEI) messages, Visual Usability Information (VUI) parameter set fragments, and so on.

A video may be captured as a plurality of source pictures (video pictures) in a temporal sequence. Intra-picture prediction (often abbreviated to Intra prediction) makes uses of spatial correlation in a given picture, and inter-picture prediction makes uses of the (temporal or other) correlation between the pictures. In an example, a specific picture under encoding/decoding, which is referred to as a current picture, is partitioned into blocks. When a block in the current picture is similar to a reference block in a previously coded and still buffered reference picture in the video, the block in the current picture can be coded by a vector that is referred to as a motion vector. The motion vector points to the reference block in the reference picture, and can have a third dimension identifying the reference picture, in case multiple reference pictures are in use.

In some embodiments, a bi-prediction technique can be used in the inter-picture prediction. According to the bi-prediction technique, two reference pictures, such as a first and a second reference picture that are both prior in decoding order to the current picture in the video (but may be in the past and future, respectively, in display order) are used. A block in the current picture can be coded by a first motion vector that points to a first reference block in the first reference picture, and a second motion vector that points to a second reference block in the second reference picture. The block can be predicted by a combination of the first reference block and the second reference block.

Further, a merge mode technique can be used in the inter-picture prediction to improve coding efficiency.

According to some embodiments of the disclosure, predictions, such as inter-picture predictions and intra-picture predictions are performed in the unit of blocks. For example, according to the HEVC standard, a picture in a sequence of video pictures is partitioned into coding tree units (CTU) for compression, the CTUs in a picture have the same size, such as 64×64 pixels, 32×32 pixels, or 16×16 pixels. In general, a CTU includes three coding tree blocks (CTBs), which are one luma CTB and two chroma CTBs. Each CTU can be recursively quadtree split into one or multiple coding units (CUs). For example, a CTU of 64×64 pixels can be split into one CU of 64×64 pixels, or 4 CUs of 32×32 pixels, or 16 CUs of 16×16 pixels. In an example, each CU is analyzed to determine a prediction type for the CU, such as an inter prediction type or an intra prediction type. The CU is split into one or more prediction units (PUs) depending on the temporal and/or spatial predictability. Generally, each PU includes a luma prediction block (PB), and two chroma PBs. In an embodiment, a prediction operation in coding (encoding/decoding) is performed in the unit of a prediction block. Using a luma prediction block as an example of a prediction block, the prediction block includes a matrix of values (e.g., luma values) for pixels, such as 8×8 pixels, 16×16 pixels, 8×16 pixels, 16×8 pixels and the like.

FIG. 5 shows a diagram of a video encoder (503) according to another embodiment of the disclosure. The video encoder (503) is configured to receive a processing block (e.g., a prediction block) of sample values within a current video picture in a sequence of video pictures, and encode the processing block into a coded picture that is part of a coded video sequence. In an example, the video encoder (503) is used in the place of the video encoder (203) in the FIG. 2 example.

In an HEVC example, the video encoder (503) receives a matrix of sample values for a processing block, such as a prediction block of 8×8 samples, and the like. The video encoder (503) determines whether the processing block is best coded using intra mode, inter mode, or bi-prediction mode using, for example, rate-distortion optimization. When the processing block is to be coded in intra mode, the video encoder (503) may use an intra prediction technique to encode the processing block into the coded picture; and when the processing block is to be coded in inter mode or bi-prediction mode, the video encoder (503) may use an inter prediction or bi-prediction technique, respectively, to encode the processing block into the coded picture. In certain video coding technologies, merge mode can be an inter picture prediction submode where the motion vector is derived from one or more motion vector predictors without the benefit of a coded motion vector component outside the predictors. In certain other video coding technologies, a motion vector component applicable to the subject block may be present. In an example, the video encoder (503) includes other components, such as a mode decision module (not shown) to determine the mode of the processing blocks.

In the FIG. 5 example, the video encoder (503) includes the inter encoder (530), an intra encoder (522), a residue calculator (523), a switch (526), a residue encoder (524), a general controller (521) and an entropy encoder (525) coupled together as shown in FIG. 5.

The inter encoder (530) is configured to receive the samples of the current block (e.g., a processing block), compare the block to one or more reference blocks in reference pictures (e.g., blocks in previous pictures and later pictures), generate inter prediction information (e.g., description of redundant information according to inter encoding technique, motion vectors, merge mode information), and calculate inter prediction results (e.g., predicted block) based on the inter prediction information using any suitable technique.

The intra encoder (522) is configured to receive the samples of the current block (e.g., a processing block), in some cases compare the block to blocks already coded in the same picture, generate quantized coefficients after transform and, in some cases also intra prediction information (e.g., an intra prediction direction information according to one or more intra encoding techniques).

The general controller (521) is configured to determine general control data and control other components of the video encoder (503) based on the general control data. In an example, the general controller (521) determines the mode of the block, and provides a control signal to the switch (526) based on the mode. For example, when the mode is the intra, the general controller (521) controls the switch (526) to select the intra mode result for use by the residue calculator (523), and controls the entropy encoder (525) to select the intra prediction information and include the intra prediction information in the bitstream; and when the mode is the inter mode, the general controller (521) controls the switch (526) to select the inter prediction result for use by the residue calculator (523), and controls the entropy encoder (525) to select the inter prediction information and include the inter prediction information in the bitstream.

The residue calculator (523) is configured to calculate a difference (residue data) between the received block and prediction results selected from the intra encoder (522) or the inter encoder (530). The residue encoder (524) is configured to operate based on the residue data to encode the residue data to generate the transform coefficients. In an example, the residue encoder (524) is configured to convert the residue data in the frequency domain, and generate the transform coefficients. The transform coefficients are then subject to quantization processing to obtain quantized transform coefficients.

The entropy encoder (525) is configured to format the bitstream to include the encoded block. The entropy encoder (525) is configured to include various information according to a suitable standard, such as HEVC standard. In an example, the entropy encoder (525) is configured to include the general control data, the selected prediction information (e.g., intra prediction information or inter prediction information), the residue information, and other suitable information in the bitstream. Note that, according to the disclosed subject matter, when coding a block in the merge submode of either inter mode or bi-prediction mode, there is no residue information.

FIG. 6 shows a diagram of a video decoder (610) according to another embodiment of the disclosure. The video decoder (610) is configured to receive a coded pictures that are part of a coded video sequence, and decode the coded picture to generate a reconstructed picture. In an example, the video decoder (610) is used in the place of the video decoder (210) in the FIG. 2 example.

In the FIG. 6 example, the video decoder (610) includes an entropy decoder (671), an inter decoder (680), a residue decoder (673), a reconstruction module (674), and an intra decoder (672) coupled together as shown in FIG. 6.

The entropy decoder (671) can be configured to reconstruct, from the coded picture, certain symbols that represent the syntax elements of which the coded picture is made up. Such symbols can include, for example, the mode in which a block is coded (such as, for example, intra, inter, b-predicted, the latter two in merge submode or another submode), prediction information (such as, for example, intra prediction information or inter prediction information) that can identify certain sample or metadata that is used for prediction by the intra decoder (672) or the inter decoder (680) respectively residual information in the form of, for example, quantized transform coefficients, and the like. In an example, when the prediction mode is inter or bi-predicted mode, the inter prediction information is provided to the inter decoder (680); and when the prediction type is the intra prediction type, the intra prediction information is provided to the intra decoder (672). The residual information can be subject to inverse quantization and is provided to the residue decoder (673).

The inter decoder (680) is configured to receive the inter prediction information, and generate inter prediction results based on the inter prediction information.

The intra decoder (672) is configured to receive the intra prediction information, and generate prediction results based on the intra prediction information.

The residue decoder (673) is configured to perform inverse quantization to extract de-quantized transform coefficients, and process the de-quantized transform coefficients to convert the residual from the frequency domain to the spatial domain. The residue decoder (673) may also require certain control information (to include the Quantizer Parameter QP), and that information may be provided by the entropy decoder (671) (datapath not depicted as this may be low volume control information only).

The reconstruction module (674) is configured to combine, in the spatial domain, the residual as output by the residue decoder (673) and the prediction results (as output by the inter or intra prediction modules as the case may be) to form a reconstructed block, that may be part of the reconstructed picture, which in turn may be part of the reconstructed video. It is noted that other suitable operations, such as a deblocking operation and the like, can be performed to improve the visual quality.

It is noted that the video encoders (203), (403) and (503), and the video decoders (210), (310) and (610) can be implemented using any suitable technique. In an embodiment, the video encoders (203), (403) and (503), and the video decoders (210), (310) and (610) can be implemented using one or more integrated circuits. In another embodiment, the video encoders (203), (403) and (403), and the video decoders (210), (310) and (610) can be implemented using one or more processors that execute software instructions.

Block based compensation from a different picture may be referred to as motion compensation. Block compensation may also be done from a previously reconstructed area within the same picture, which may be referred to as intra picture block compensation or intra block copy. For example, a displacement vector that indicates an offset between a current block and the reference block is referred to as a block vector. According to some embodiments, a block vector points to a reference block that is already reconstructed and available for reference. Also, for parallel processing consideration, a reference area that is beyond a tile/slice boundary or wavefront ladder-shaped boundary may also be excluded from being referenced by the block vector. Due to these constraints, a block vector may be different from a motion vector (MV) in motion compensation, where the motion vector can be at any value (positive or negative, at either x or y direction).

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of intra picture block compensation (e.g., intra block copy mode). In FIG. 7, a current picture 700 includes a set of blocks that have already been coded/decoded (i.e., gray colored blocks) and a set of blocks that have yet to be coded/decoded (i.e., white colored blocks). A sub-block 702 of one of the blocks that have yet to be coded/decoded may be associated with a block vector 704 that points to another sub-block 706 that has previously been coded/decoded. Accordingly, any motion information associated with the sub-block 706 may be used for the coding/decoding of sub-block 702.

According to some embodiments, the coding of a block vector is explicit. In other embodiments, the coding of the block vector is implicit. In the explicit mode, the difference between a block vector and its predictor is signaled, whereas in the implicit mode, the block vector is recovered from its predictor in a similar way as a motion vector prediction in merge mode. The resolution of a block vector, in some embodiments, is restricted to integer positions. In other embodiments, the block vector points to fractional positions.

According to some embodiments, the use of the intra picture block compensation (i.e., intra block copy mode) at the block level, is signaled using a reference index, where a current decoded picture is treated as a reference picture, which is put in a last position of a reference picture list. This reference picture may also be managed together with other temporal reference pictures in a decoded picture buffer (DPB).

According to some embodiments, a reference block is flipped horizontally or vertically before being used to predict a current block (e.g., flipped intra block copy). In some embodiments, each compensation unit inside an M×N coding block is an M×1 or 1×N line (e.g., line based intra block copy).

According to some embodiments, motion compensation is performed at the block level, where the current block is the processing unit for performing motion compensation using the same motion information. In this regard, given the size of a block, all pixels in the block will use the same motion information to form their prediction block. Examples of block level motion compensation include using spatial merge candidates, temporal candidates, and in bi-directional prediction, combinations of motion vectors from existing merge candidates.

Referring to FIG. 8, a current block (801) comprises samples that have been found by the encoder/decoder during the motion search process to be predictable from a previous block of the same size that has been spatially shifted. In some embodiments, instead of coding that MV directly, the MV can be directed from metadata associated with one or more reference pictures, for example, from a most recent (in decoding order) reference picture, using the MV associated with either one of five surrounding samples, denoted A0, A1, and B0, B1, B2 (802 through 806, respectively). The blocks A0, A1, B0, B1, and B2 may be referred to as spatial merge candidates.

According to some embodiments, pixels (e.g., sub-blocks) at different positions inside a motion compensation block can have different motion information. These differences from the block level motion information may be derived instead of signaled. This type of motion compensation may be referred to as sub-block level motion compensation, which allows for motion compensation of a block to be smaller than the block itself. In this regard, each block may have multiple sub-blocks, each of which may contain different motion information.

An example of sub-block level motion compensation includes sub-block based temporal motion vector prediction, where sub-blocks of a current block have different motion vectors. Another example of sub-block level motion compensation is ATMVP, which is a method that allows each coding block to fetch multiple sets of motion information from multiple blocks smaller than the current coding block from a collocated reference picture.

Another example of sub-block level motion compensation includes spatial/temporal fusion with sub-block adjustment, where for each sub-block in a current block, its motion vector is adjusted according to its spatial/temporal neighbor's motion vectors. In this mode, for some sub-blocks, the motion information from a corresponding sub-block in a temporal reference picture may be needed.

Another example of sub-block level motion compensation is affine coded motion compensation block, where according to the neighboring blocks' motion vectors, the motion vectors at the four corners of a current block are derived first. Subsequently, the rest of the current block's motion vectors (e.g., at sub-block or pixel level) are derived using an affine model such that each sub-block can have a different motion vector as compared to the neighbors of a respective sub-block.

Another example of sub-block level motion compensation is merge candidate refinement using decoder side motion vector derivation. In this mode, after getting the motion vector predictor(s) for the current block or the sub-blocks of the current block, methods such as template matching or bilateral matching can be used to further refine the given motion vector predictor(s). The refined motion vector(s) may be used to perform motion compensation. The same refinement operation may be performed at both encoder and decoder sides so that no additional information is needed by the decoder regarding how the refinement is displaced from the original predictor. Furthermore, the skip mode may be considered as a special merge mode, where in addition to deriving motion information of a current block from the current block's neighbors, the prediction residue of the current block is also zero.

According to some embodiments, in sub-block temporal motion vector prediction, sub-blocks of a current block may have different motion vector predictors, which are derived from a temporal reference picture. For example, a set of motion information, including a motion vector and an associated reference index for the current block is identified. The motion information may be determined from a first available spatial merge candidate. Using this motion information, a reference block in a reference picture is determined for a current block. The reference block is also divided into sub-blocks. In some embodiments, for each current block sub-block (CBSB) in the current picture, there is a corresponding reference block sub-block (RBSB) in the reference picture.

In some embodiments, for each CBSB, if the corresponding RBSB is coded in an inter mode with a set of motion information, then that motion information is converted (e.g., using methods such as motion vector scaling in temporal motion vector prediction, etc.) and used as a predictor for the motion vector of this CBSB. The method for handling a RBSB that is coded in an intra mode (e.g., intra block copy mode) is described in further detail below.

According to some embodiments, when sub-block based temporal motion vector prediction mode is used, each CBSB is not permitted to be coded in an intra mode such as the intra block copy mode. This may be accomplished by treating an intra block copy coded RBSB as intra mode. Particularly, regardless of how the intra block copy mode is considered (e.g., as inter mode, intra mode, or a third mode), for the CBSB, when its corresponding RBSB is coded in the intra block copy mode, this RBSB is considered as intra mode in the sub-block based temporal motion vector prediction. Therefore, in some embodiments, the RBSB that is coded in intra block copy mode is handled in accordance with a default setting in the sub-block based temporal motion vector prediction. For example, when a corresponding RBSB of a CBSB is coded in the intra block copy mode, a default motion vector, such as the zero motion vector, may be used as a predictor for the CBSB. In this example, the reference picture for the CBSB will no longer be the current picture, but a temporal reference picture. For example, the temporal reference picture may be a picture that is shared by all sub-blocks of the current block, the first reference picture in the reference picture list, the co-located picture for TMVP purpose, etc. In another example, for the CBSB, when its corresponding RBSB is coded in the inter mode, but the reference picture is the current picture, a default motion vector, such as the zero motion vector, is assigned to the CBSB. In this regard, even though the RBSB is coded in the inter mode, since the current picture is the same as the reference picture, the RBSB is processed as if the RBSB were coded in the intra mode.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of performing sub-block based temporal motion vector prediction. FIG. 9 illustrates a current picture 900 that has nine blocks including a current block 900A. The current block 900A is divided into four sub-blocks 1-4. The current picture 900 may be associated with reference picture 902, which includes nine previously coded/decoded blocks. Furthermore, as illustrated in FIG. 9, the current block 900A has a motion vector 904 that points to reference block 902A. The motion vector 904 may be determined from using the motion vectors of one or more neighboring blocks of the current block 900A (e.g., spatial merge candidates). The reference block 902A is divided into four sub-blocks 1-4. The sub-blocks 1-4 of reference block 902A correspond to the sub-blocks 1-4 of current block 900A, respectively. If the reference picture 902 is the same as the current picture 900, each RBSB in block 902A is treated as if these blocks were coded in the intra mode. In this regard, for example, if sub-block 1 of block 902A is coded in the inter mode, but the reference picture 902 is the same as the current picture 900, sub-block 1 of block 902A is treated as if this sub-block were coded in intra mode where a default motion vector is assigned to sub-block 1 of block 900A.

If the reference picture 902 is different from the current picture 900, the sub-blocks 1-4 of reference block 902A may be used for performing sub-block based temporal motion vector prediction for sub-blocks 1-4 of block 900A, respectively. For example, the motion vector predictor of sub-block 1 of current block 900A is determined based on whether sub-block 1 of reference block 902A is coded in an inter mode or an intra mode (e.g., intra block copy mode). If sub-block 1 of reference block 902A is coded with the inter mode, the motion vector of sub-block 1 of reference block 902A is used to determine the motion vector of sub-block 1 of current block 900A. However, if sub-block 1 of reference block 902A is coded with the intra mode, the motion vector of sub-block 1 of current block 900A is set to the zero motion vector.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a process that may be performed by an encoder or decoder such as intra encoder 522 or intra decoder 672, respectively. The process may start at step S1000 where a current picture is acquired from a coded video bitstream. For example, referring to FIG. 9, the current picture 900 may be acquired from a coded video bit stream. The process proceeds to step S1002 where, for a current block in the current picture, a reference block from a reference picture is identified. For example, referring to FIG. 9, the reference picture 902 may be retrieved from a reference picture list associated with current block 900A. When performing sub-block temporal motion vector prediction on current block 900A, a motion vector 904 may be used to identify the reference block 902A of reference picture 902.

The process proceeds to step S1004 where it is determined whether the reference picture is the same as the current picture. If the reference picture is not the same as the current picture, the process proceeds to step S1006 where a coding mode of a RBSB that corresponds to a CBSB is determined. For example, referring to FIG. 9, the coding mode of RBSB 1 of the reference block 902A, which corresponds to CBSB 1 of current block 900A, is determined. The process proceeds to step S1008 where it is determined whether the coding mode of the RBSB is the inter mode. If the coding mode of the RBSB is the inter mode, the process proceeds to step S1010 where a motion vector predictor for of the CB SB is determined based on a motion vector predictor of the RBSB. For example, if the coding mode of RBSB 1 of the reference block 902A is the inter mode, the motion vector predictor of CBSB 1 of the current block 900A is determined based on the motion vector predictor or RBSB 1 of the reference block 902A. For example, the motion vector predictor of RBSB 1 of the reference block 902A is converted (e.g., using methods such as motion vector scaling in temporal motion vector prediction, etc.) and used as a motion vector predictor for the CBSB 1 of current block 900A.

Returning to step S1008, if the coding mode of the RBSB is not the inter mode (e.g., coding mode of RBSB is the intra mode), the process proceeds to step S1012 where the motion vector predictor of the CBSB is set to a default motion vector. For example, if RBSB 1 of the reference block 902A is coded in the intra mode, the motion vector predictor of CBSB 1 of the current block 900A is set to a default motion vector such as the zero motion vector.

Returning to step S1004, if the reference picture is the same as the current picture, the process proceeds to step S1012 where the motion vector predictor of the CBSB is set to a default motion vector. In this regard, when the reference picture is the same as the current picture, the coding mode of the RBSB is determined to be as the intra mode where the motion vector predictor for the corresponding CBSB is set to the default motion vector. In this regard, even if the RBSB is in the inter mode, the RBSB is treated as if the RBSB were coded in the intra mode by setting the motion vector predictor of the CBSB to a default motion vector. The steps S1004 to S1012 may be repeated for each sub-block in the current block 900A.

The techniques described above, can be implemented as computer software using computer-readable instructions and physically stored in one or more computer-readable media. For example, FIG. 11 shows a computer system (1100) suitable for implementing certain embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

The computer software can be coded using any suitable machine code or computer language, that may be subject to assembly, compilation, linking, or like mechanisms to create code comprising instructions that can be executed directly, or through interpretation, micro-code execution, and the like, by one or more computer central processing units (CPUs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and the like.

The instructions can be executed on various types of computers or components thereof, including, for example, personal computers, tablet computers, servers, smartphones, gaming devices, internet of things devices, and the like.

The components shown in FIG. 11 for computer system (1100) are exemplary in nature and are not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the computer software implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Neither should the configuration of components be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary embodiment of a computer system (1100).

Computer system (1100) may include certain human interface input devices. Such a human interface input device may be responsive to input by one or more human users through, for example, tactile input (such as: keystrokes, swipes, data glove movements), audio input (such as: voice, clapping), visual input (such as: gestures), olfactory input (not depicted). The human interface devices can also be used to capture certain media not necessarily directly related to conscious input by a human, such as audio (such as: speech, music, ambient sound), images (such as: scanned images, photographic images obtain from a still image camera), video (such as two-dimensional video, three-dimensional video including stereoscopic video).

Input human interface devices may include one or more of (only one of each depicted): keyboard (1101), mouse (1102), trackpad (1103), touch screen (1110), data-glove (not shown), joystick (1105), microphone (1106), scanner (1107), camera (1108).

Computer system (1100) may also include certain human interface output devices. Such human interface output devices may be stimulating the senses of one or more human users through, for example, tactile output, sound, light, and smell/taste. Such human interface output devices may include tactile output devices (for example tactile feedback by the touch-screen (1110), data-glove (not shown), or joystick (1105), but there can also be tactile feedback devices that do not serve as input devices), audio output devices (such as: speakers (1109), headphones (not depicted)), visual output devices (such as screens (1110) to include CRT screens, LCD screens, plasma screens, OLED screens, each with or without touch-screen input capability, each with or without tactile feedback capability—some of which may be capable to output two dimensional visual output or more than three dimensional output through means such as stereographic output; virtual-reality glasses (not depicted), holographic displays and smoke tanks (not depicted)), and printers (not depicted).

Computer system (1100) can also include human accessible storage devices and their associated media such as optical media including CD/DVD ROM/RW (1120) with CD/DVD or the like media (1121), thumb-drive (1122), removable hard drive or solid state drive (1123), legacy magnetic media such as tape and floppy disc (not depicted), specialized ROM/ASIC/PLD based devices such as security dongles (not depicted), and the like.

Those skilled in the art should also understand that term “computer readable media” as used in connection with the presently disclosed subject matter does not encompass transmission media, carrier waves, or other transitory signals.

Computer system (1100) can also include an interface to one or more communication networks. Networks can for example be wireless, wireline, optical. Networks can further be local, wide-area, metropolitan, vehicular and industrial, real-time, delay-tolerant, and so on. Examples of networks include local area networks such as Ethernet, wireless LANs, cellular networks to include GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE and the like, TV wireline or wireless wide area digital networks to include cable TV, satellite TV, and terrestrial broadcast TV, vehicular and industrial to include CANBus, and so forth. Certain networks commonly require external network interface adapters that attached to certain general purpose data ports or peripheral buses (1149) (such as, for example USB ports of the computer system (1100)); others are commonly integrated into the core of the computer system (1100) by attachment to a system bus as described below (for example Ethernet interface into a PC computer system or cellular network interface into a smartphone computer system). Using any of these networks, computer system (1100) can communicate with other entities. Such communication can be uni-directional, receive only (for example, broadcast TV), uni-directional send-only (for example CANbus to certain CANbus devices), or bi-directional, for example to other computer systems using local or wide area digital networks. Certain protocols and protocol stacks can be used on each of those networks and network interfaces as described above.

Aforementioned human interface devices, human-accessible storage devices, and network interfaces can be attached to a core (1140) of the computer system (1100).

The core (1140) can include one or more Central Processing Units (CPU) (1141), Graphics Processing Units (GPU) (1142), specialized programmable processing units in the form of Field Programmable Gate Areas (FPGA) (1143), hardware accelerators for certain tasks (1144), and so forth. These devices, along with Read-only memory (ROM) (1145), Random-access memory (1146), internal mass storage such as internal non-user accessible hard drives, SSDs, and the like (1147), may be connected through a system bus (1148). In some computer systems, the system bus (1148) can be accessible in the form of one or more physical plugs to enable extensions by additional CPUs, GPU, and the like. The peripheral devices can be attached either directly to the core's system bus (1148), or through a peripheral bus (1149). Architectures for a peripheral bus include PCI, USB, and the like.

CPUs (1141), GPUs (1142), FPGAs (1143), and accelerators (1144) can execute certain instructions that, in combination, can make up the aforementioned computer code. That computer code can be stored in ROM (1145) or RAM (1146). Transitional data can be also be stored in RAM (1146), whereas permanent data can be stored for example, in the internal mass storage (1147). Fast storage and retrieve to any of the memory devices can be enabled through the use of cache memory, that can be closely associated with one or more CPU (1141), GPU (1142), mass storage (1147), ROM (1145), RAM (1146), and the like.

The computer readable media can have computer code thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations. The media and computer code can be those specially designed and constructed for the purposes of the present disclosure, or they can be of the kind well known and available to those having skill in the computer software arts.

As an example and not by way of limitation, the computer system having architecture (1100), and specifically the core (1140) can provide functionality as a result of processor(s) (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGA, accelerators, and the like) executing software embodied in one or more tangible, computer-readable media. Such computer-readable media can be media associated with user-accessible mass storage as introduced above, as well as certain storage of the core (1140) that are of non-transitory nature, such as core-internal mass storage (1147) or ROM (1145). The software implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure can be stored in such devices and executed by core (1140). A computer-readable medium can include one or more memory devices or chips, according to particular needs. The software can cause the core (1140) and specifically the processors therein (including CPU, GPU, FPGA, and the like) to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein, including defining data structures stored in RAM (1146) and modifying such data structures according to the processes defined by the software. In addition or as an alternative, the computer system can provide functionality as a result of logic hardwired or otherwise embodied in a circuit (for example: accelerator (1144)), which can operate in place of or together with software to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein. Reference to software can encompass logic, and vice versa, where appropriate. Reference to a computer-readable media can encompass a circuit (such as an integrated circuit (IC)) storing software for execution, a circuit embodying logic for execution, or both, where appropriate. The present disclosure encompasses any suitable combination of hardware and software.

Appendix A: Acronyms

-   MV: Motion Vector -   HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding -   SEI: Supplementary Enhancement Information -   VUI: Video Usability Information -   GOPs: Groups of Pictures -   TUs: Transform Units, -   PUs: Prediction Units -   CTUs: Coding Tree Units -   CTBs: Coding Tree Blocks -   PBs: Prediction Blocks -   HRD: Hypothetical Reference Decoder -   SNR: Signal Noise Ratio -   CPUs: Central Processing Units -   GPUs: Graphics Processing Units -   CRT: Cathode Ray Tube -   LCD: Liquid-Crystal Display -   OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode -   CD: Compact Disc -   DVD: Digital Video Disc -   ROM: Read-Only Memory -   RAM: Random Access Memory -   ASIC: Application-Specific Integrated Circuit -   PLD: Programmable Logic Device -   LAN: Local Area Network -   GSM: Global System for Mobile communications -   LTE: Long-Term Evolution -   CANBus: Controller Area Network Bus -   USB: Universal Serial Bus -   PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect -   FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Areas -   SSD: solid-state drive -   IC: Integrated Circuit -   CU: Coding Unit

While this disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and various substitute equivalents, which fall within the scope of the disclosure. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systems and methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein, embody the principles of the disclosure and are thus within the spirit and scope thereof.

(1) A method of video decoding for a decoder includes acquiring a current picture from a coded video bitstream; identifying, for a current block included in the current picture, a reference block included in a reference picture that is different from the current picture, the current block being divided into a plurality of sub-blocks (CBSBs), the reference block having a plurality of sub-blocks (RBSBs) that each correspond to a different one of the plurality of CBSBs; determining whether the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture; in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, determining a coding mode of the RBSB as an intra mode; and in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is not the current picture, (i) determining, for one of the CBSBs, whether a coding mode of the RBSB is one of an intra mode and an inter mode, and (ii) determining a motion vector predictor for the one of the CBSBs based on whether the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is one of the intra mode and the inter mode.

(2) The method of feature (1), in which in response to determining that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the intra mode, the determined motion vector predictor for the one CBSB is set to a default motion vector.

(3) The method according to feature (2), in which the default motion vector is one of (i) a zero motion vector and (ii) an offset between the CBSB and the RBSB.

(4) The method of any one of features (1)-(3), in which in response to determining that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the inter mode, the determined motion vector predictor for the one CBSB is based on a motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB.

(5) The method of feature (4), in which the determined motion vector predictor is a scaled version of the motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB.

(6) The method of any one of features (1)-(5), in which the reference block is identified in accordance with a motion vector predictor associated with a block adjacent to the current block.

(7) The method of any one of features (1)-(6), in which the reference picture is a first reference picture from a sequence of reference pictures associated with the current picture.

(8) A video decoder for video decoding, including processing circuitry configured to: acquire a current picture from a coded video bitstream, identify, for a current block included in the current picture, a reference block included in a reference picture that is different from the current picture, the current block being divided into a plurality of sub-blocks (CBSBs), the reference block having a plurality of sub-blocks (RBSBs) that each correspond to a different one of the plurality of CBSBs, determine whether the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, in response to the determination that the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, determine a coding mode of the RBSB as an intra mode, and in response to the determination that the reference picture for the RBSB is not the current picture, (i) determine, for one of the CBSBs, whether a coding mode of the RBSB is one of an intra mode and an inter mode, and (ii) determine a motion vector predictor for the one of the CBSBs based on whether the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is one of the intra mode and the inter mode.

(9) The video decoder of feature (8), in which in response to the determination that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the intra mode, the determined motion vector predictor for the one CB SB is set to a default motion vector.

(10) The video decoder according to feature (9), in which the default motion vector is one of (i) a zero motion vector and (ii) an offset between the CBSB and the RBSB.

(11) The video decoder of any one of features (8)-(10), in which in response to the determination that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the inter mode, the determined motion vector predictor for the one CBSB is based on a motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB.

(12) The video decoder of feature (11), in which the determined motion vector predictor is a scaled version of the motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB.

(13) The video decoder of any one of features (8)-(12), in which the reference block is identified in accordance with a motion vector predictor associated with a block adjacent to the current block.

(14) The video decoder of any one of features (8)-(13), in which the reference picture is a first reference picture from a sequence of reference pictures associated with the current picture.

(15) A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored therein, which when executed by a processor in a video decoder causes the processor to execute a method including acquiring a current picture from a coded video bitstream; identifying, for a current block included in the current picture, a reference block included in a reference picture that is different from the current picture, the current block being divided into a plurality of sub-blocks (CBSBs), the reference block having a plurality of sub-blocks (RBSBs) that each correspond to a different one of the plurality of CBSBs; determining whether the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture; in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, determining a coding mode of the RBSB as an intra mode; and in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is not the current picture, (i) determining, for one of the CBSBs, whether a coding mode of the RBSB is one of an intra mode and an inter mode, and (ii) determining a motion vector predictor for the one of the CBSBs based on whether the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is one of the intra mode and the inter mode.

(16) The non-transitory computer readable medium of feature (15), in which in response to determining that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the intra mode, the determined motion vector predictor for the one CBSB is set to a default motion vector.

(17) The non-transitory computer readable medium according to feature (16), in which the default motion vector is one of (i) a zero motion vector and (ii) an offset between the CB SB and the RBSB.

(18) The non-transitory computer readable medium of any one of features (15)-(17), in which in response to determining that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the inter mode, the determined motion vector predictor for the one CBSB is based on a motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB.

(19) The non-transitory computer readable medium of feature (18), in which the determined motion vector predictor is a scaled version of the motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB.

(20) The non-transitory computer readable medium of any one of features (15)-(19), in which the reference block is identified in accordance with a motion vector predictor associated with a block adjacent to the current block. 

1. A method of video decoding for a decoder, the method comprising: acquiring a current picture from a coded video bitstream; identifying, for a current block included in the current picture, a reference block included in a reference picture that is different from the current picture, the current block being divided into a plurality of sub-blocks (CBSBs), the reference block having a plurality of sub-blocks (RBSBs) that each correspond to a different one of the plurality of CBSBs; determining whether the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture; in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, determining a coding mode of the RBSB as an intra mode; in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is not the current picture, (i) determining, for one of the CBSBs, whether the coding mode of the RBSB is one of an intra mode and an inter mode, (ii) in response to determining that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the intra mode, setting a motion vector predictor for the one CBSB to a default motion vector, and (iii) in response to determining that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the inter mode, determining the motion vector predictor for the one CBSB based on a motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB; and decoding the one CBSB based on the motion vector predictor for the one CBSB.
 2. (canceled)
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the default motion vector is one of (i) a zero motion vector and (ii) an offset between the CBSB and the RBSB.
 4. (canceled)
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined motion vector predictor is a scaled version of the motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference block is identified in accordance with a motion vector predictor associated with a block adjacent to the current block.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference picture is a first reference picture from a sequence of reference pictures associated with the current picture.
 8. A video decoder for video decoding, comprising: processing circuitry configured to: acquire a current picture from a coded video bitstream, identify, for a current block included in the current picture, a reference block included in a reference picture that is different from the current picture, the current block being divided into a plurality of sub-blocks (CBSBs), the reference block having a plurality of sub-blocks (RBSBs) that each correspond to a different one of the plurality of CBSBs, determine whether the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, in response to the determination that the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, determine a coding mode of the RBSB as an intra mode, in response to the determination that the reference picture for the RBSB is not the current picture, (i) determine, for one of the CBSBs, whether a coding mode of the RBSB is one of an intra mode and an inter mode, (ii) in response to the determination that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the intra mode, set a motion vector predictor for the one CBSB to a default motion vector, and (iii) in response to the determination that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the inter mode, determine the motion vector predictor for the one CBSB based on a motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB, and decode the one CBSB based on the motion vector predictor for the one CBSB.
 9. (canceled)
 10. The video decoder according to claim 8, wherein the default motion vector is one of (i) a zero motion vector and (ii) an offset between the CBSB and the RBSB.
 11. (canceled)
 12. The video decoder of claim 8, wherein the determined motion vector predictor is a scaled version of the motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB.
 13. The video decoder of claim 8, wherein the reference block is identified in accordance with a motion vector predictor associated with a block adjacent to the current block.
 14. The video decoder of claim 8, wherein the reference picture is a first reference picture from a sequence of reference pictures associated with the current picture.
 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored therein, which when executed by a processor in a video decoder causes the processor to execute a method comprising: acquiring a current picture from a coded video bitstream; identifying, for a current block included in the current picture, a reference block included in a reference picture that is different from the current picture, the current block being divided into a plurality of sub-blocks (CBSBs), the reference block having a plurality of sub-blocks (RBSBs) that each correspond to a different one of the plurality of CBSBs; determining whether the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture; in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is the current picture, determining a coding mode of the RBSB as an intra mode; in response to determining that the reference picture for the RBSB is not the current picture, (i) determining, for one of the CBSBs, whether a coding mode of the RBSB is one of an intra mode and an inter mode; (ii) in response to determining that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the intra mode, setting a motion vector predictor for the one CBSB to a default motion vector, and (iii) in response to determining that the coding mode of the corresponding RBSB is the inter mode, determining the motion vector predictor for the one CBSB based on a motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB; and decoding the one CBSB based on the motion vector predictor for the one CBSB.
 16. (canceled)
 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 15, wherein the default motion vector is one of (i) a zero motion vector and (ii) an offset between the CBSB and the RBSB.
 18. (canceled)
 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the determined motion vector predictor is a scaled version of the motion vector predictor associated with the corresponding RBSB.
 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the reference block is identified in accordance with a motion vector predictor associated with a block adjacent to the current block. 